Journals

Micropropagation of Teucrium fruticans L.: Unlocking the Potential of a Medicinal and Ornamental Plant

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Teucrium fruticans Tissue Culture

Teucrium fruticans L., commonly known as bush germander, is a Mediterranean shrub valued for its striking blue flowers and medicinal properties. Traditional propagation methods struggle with low germination rates and seasonal limitations. This article presents an advanced micropropagation protocol that enhances shoot multiplication and root induction, ensuring a sustainable supply of high-quality plants for horticultural and pharmaceutical applications.

Effective callus induction and plant regeneration in callusand protoplast cultures of Nigella damascena L.

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Effective callus induction and plant regeneration in callusand protoplast cultures of Nigella damascena

In this study we report the development of effective in vitro systems for a medicinal plant Nigella damascena L. comprising:
(1) callus induction, (2) somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures with subsequent plant regeneration, and (3) isolation
and regeneration of callus-derived protoplasts. Callus development was achieved on 83–100% of hypocotyl and cotyledon
explants, whereby Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 3 mg L−
1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg L−
1
α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; BN medium) was more advantageous than MS with kinetin and NAA (KN medium). Histological
observations of calli revealed the presence of embryogenic zones from which somatic embryos developed on the
hormone-free medium. Plant regeneration was observed on 76–95% of calli. A high capacity to form somatic embryos and
regeneration was maintained in long-lasting cultures, i.e. even in 2 year old callus.
The obtained callus was also a good source tissue for protoplast isolation. By applying a mixture of cellulase and pectolyase,
the acceptable yield of viable protoplasts was achieved, especially from hypocotyl-derived callus maintained on BN medium.
Protoplasts embedded in an alginate matrix and cultured in modified Kao and Michayluk media re-constructed their cell
wall and re-entered mitotic divisions. About 30% of small cell aggregates formed microcalli, which, after the release from
alginate, proliferated continuously on KN and BN media, irrespective of the tissue variant used as the protoplast source.
Somatic embryo formation and plant regeneration were successful on hormone-free media. An effective plant regeneration
system of N. damascena protoplast cultures has been developed and is being reported for the first time

Adventitious Bud Development and Regeneration in Tillandsia Eizii

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Adventitious Bud Development and Regeneration in Tillandsia Eizii

The bromeliad Tillandsia eizii is a striking species with large, colorful, and persistent inflorescences that can reach 1 m in length. The value of this plant as an ornamental and its importance in cultural and religious activities has led to its over-collection in the wild. Clonal propagation via tissue culture may be a means to repopulate native stands while meeting the demands for this species as an ornamental and ceremonial plant. Adventitious bud proliferation was induced from axenically germinated seedling material. Parameters evaluated were the age of explant material at the time of transfer onto bud-induction medium, the concentration of plant growth regulators, and the period of exposure to induction medium. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) established the origin and development of buds. Twelve-week-old seedling explants rapidly initiated adventitious buds after a 30-d induction period on shoot-initiation medium. Adventitious buds were induced in 40% of the explants placed on media with 2 mg l21 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) (8.88 mM) plus 0.1 mg l21
a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.54 mM) with some cultures becoming highly prolific after repeated subculture. Shoots elongated in proliferating cultures, and plants were successfully acclimatized and planted into the greenhouse. The results indicate that tissue culture may be used as a means to propagate this epiphytic bromeliad species, which is being seriously affected by deforestation and habitat destruction. In addition, adventitious bud proliferation can provide a means to propagate superior genotypes.

New basal media for half-anther culture of Anthurium andreanum

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New basal media for half-anther culture of Anthurium andreanum

Abstract A successful protocol for high frequency callus induction and plant regeneration from Anthurium andrea- num Linden ex Andre´ cv. Tropical half-anthers is descri- bed. Different variables using Winarto and Teixeira and Murashige and Skoog basal media supplemented with several plant growth regulators [2,4-dichlorophenoxy ace- tic acid (0.1–1.0 mg/l), a-naphthalene acetic acid (0.01–0.2 mg/l), thidiazuron (0.5–2.0 mg/l), 6-benzylami- nopurine (0.5–1.0 mg/l), and kinetin (0.5–1.0 mg/l)] were tested for their ability to induce high frequency callusing in half-anthers, indirect regeneration and rooting of shoots. Basal medium, as well as the combination and concentra- tion of hormones applied, had a significant effect on callus formation, shoot regeneration and adventitious root for- mation. Winarto and Teixeira-1, an original basal medium containing 0.01 mg/l a-naphthalene acetic acid, 0.5 mg/l thidiazuron and 1.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine was suit- able for callus formation while an improved basal medium i.e., New Winarto–Teixeira-3 supplemented with 0.25 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 0.02 mg/l a-naphthalene acetic acid, 1.5 mg/l thidiazuron and 0.75 mg/l 6-benzyl- aminopurine enhanced callus formation. High shoot regeneration and multiplication was also possible on New Winarto–Teixeira-3. Shoots formed a strong adventitious root system on New Winarto–Teixeira-3 containing. 0.2 mg/l a-naphthalene acetic acid and 1.0 mg/l kinetin. Plantlets that varied in size and performance were suc- cessfully acclimatized and adapted to ex vitro conditions. Cytological analysis of 180 acclimatized-plantlets ex vitro revealed that 34 were haploid (n = 14–18), 15 aneuploid (n = 20–26), 126 diploid (n = 28–34) and 5 triploid (n = 45–57). The potential use of this protocol for devel- oping half-anther culture of other Anthurium species or cultivars is discussed.

Micropropagation of Anthurium – MATSUMOTO 1997

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Micropropagation of Anthurium - MATSUMOTO 1997

Within the family Araceae, Anthurium is the largest, most morphologically diverse and complex genus, consisting of approximately 1000 species. Native to Central and South America, members of Anthurium are found at elevations ranging from sea level to 3000 m, most commonly in cloud forests at 1500m (Croat 1986). Plants of this herbaceaous perennial monocot are terrestrial or epiphytic. Typical of the aroids is the spadix, consisting of a multitude of unobtrusive true flowers supported by a fleshy axil. The protogynous nature of the bisexual flowers in Anthurium favors cross-pollination. The commercial flower is a combination of the spadix and a colorful modified leaf, termed spathe. Attractive foliage of some species makes anthuriums also suitable for leaf harvest and cultivation as a potted plant.

Plant Tissue Culture : A Promising Tool Of Quality Material Production With Special Reference To Micropropagation Of Banana

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In the very fast developing scenario of biological science, the plant tissue culture has taken lead as the most
promising areas of application of biotechnological tools for today and tomorrow agriculture. The areas ranges from
micropropagation of horticultural crops, ornamental and forest trees etc., production of pharmaceutically important compounds,
and plant breeding for improved nutritional value of staple crop plants, including trees for cryopreservation of valuable germplasm.
The rapid production of high quality, disease free and uniform planting stock is only possible through micropropagation. Plant
production can be carried out throughout the year irrespective of season and weather. However micropropagation technology is
expensive as compared to conventional methods of propagation by means of seed, cuttings and grafting etc. Therefore, it is
essential to adopt measures to reduce cost of production. Low cost production of plants requires cost effective practices and
optimal use of equipment to reduce the unit cost of plant production. It can be achieved by improving the process efficiency and
better utilization of resources. Use of ‘Bioreactor’ in plant propagation can increase the speed of multiplication and growth of
cultures and reduce space, energy and labor requirements. The cost of production may also be reduced by selecting several
plants that provide the option for around the year production and allow cost flow and optimal use of equipment and resources.
Quality control is also very essential to assure high quality plant production and to obtain confidence of the consumers. The
selection of explant source, diseases free material, authenticity of variety and elimination of somaclonal variants are some of the
most critical parameters for ensuring the quality of the planting materials. The in vitro culture has a unique role in sustainable
and competitive agriculture, forestry and pharmaceutical industry and has been successfully applied in plant breeding for rapid
introduction of improved plants. Plant tissue culture has become an integral part of plant breeding. At present plant cell culture
has made great advances. Possibly the most significant role that plant cell culture has to play in the future will be in its
association with transgenic plants. The ability to accelerate the conventional multiplication rate can be of great benefit to many
crops/countries where a disease or some climatic disaster wipes out crops. The loss of genetic resources is a common story
when germplasm is held in field gene banks. In vitro storage using plant tissue culture tools and cryopreservation are being
proposed as solutions to the problems inherent in field gene banks. By these means the future generations will be able to have
access to genetic resources for simple conventional breeding programmes, or for the more complex genetic transformation
work. As such, plant tissue culture has a great role to play in agricultural development and productivity. In this review,
important steps of plant tissue culture, its critical precautionary points and commercial applications have been discussed.
As Banana is an important food crop and the second most important fruit crop after mango, a special account has been taken into
consideration to also put on record the steps involved in successful micropropagation of it. Despite the significant commercial
value of the banana crop, the main production constraint is the availability of reliable and safe planting material. The planting
materials obtained through conventional methods (suckers) do not meet the increasing demand for planting and they are of poor
quality. Tissue culture is the approach which can solve these problems. Micropropagation of the planting material is also facing
the different challenges which need to be addressed in order to improve its quality production. Some of the problems which
impair the success of the crop include oxidative browning of the wounded tissues and low number of shoots produce per explant.
This review includes the micropropagation studies of commercially important cultivars of banana in the country, highlights the
challenges encountered in its tissue culture and explores the possibilities of optimization of the in vitro propagation techniques
by using explants from shoot tip.

Banana Plantlet Production Through Tissue Cutlure

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BANANA PLANTLET PRODUCTION THROUGHTISSUE CULTURE

In vitro multiplication of banana (Musa spp.) cv. Basrai was studied. Shoot tips were cultured on Murashige & Skoog basal medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/l BAP. Observations were recorded at an interval of four weeks for five subculturings. Evaluations were done at each subculture by counting the number of new shoots produced. Shoot tips coming from different rhizomes behaved differently under in vitro conditions. Some being highly productive while others produced less number of shoots. On the average, 124 plants were produced from each shoot tip after five subculturing.

History of plant tissue culture: Trevor A. Thorpe

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Abstract Plant tissue culture, or the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs, and their components under defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro, is an important tool in both basic and applied studies as well as in com- mercial application. It owes its origin to the ideas of the German scientist, Haberlandt, at the begining of the 20th century. The early studies led to root cultures, embryo cul- tures, and the first true callus/tissue cultures. The period between the 1940s and the 1960s was marked by the devel- opment of new techniques and the improvement of those that were already in use. It was the availability of these tech- niques that led to the application of tissue culture to five broad areas, namely, cell behavior (including cytology, nutrition, metabolism, morphogenesis, embryogenesis, and pathology), plant modification and improvement, pathogen- free plants and germplasm storage, clonal propagation, and product (mainly secondary metabolite) formation, starting in the mid-1960s. The 1990s saw continued expansion in the application of the in vitro technologies to an increasing number of plant species. Cell cultures have remained an important tool in the study of basic areas of plant biology and biochemistry and have assumed major significance in studies in molecular biology and agricultural biotechnology. The historical development of these in vitro technologies and their applications are the focus of this chapter.

Plant tissue culture media and practices: an overview

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This review presents an overview of the culture media and practices used in plant tissue culture and developmental biology. The compositions of the most commonly used basal media, especially Murashige and Skoog (MS) and modified MS (MMS), Gamborg’s B5 medium and B5 modifications, Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and Driver and Kuniyuki Woody plant medium (DKW) are discussed, along with typical basal medium manipulations to elicit and support various developmental responses. The most commonly used plant growth regulators and their applications to promote various developmental responses are examined, along with a presentation of the classical phytohormone developmental models for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. Elaborated developmental models for both organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, with emphasis on discrete developmental steps, occasional need for multiple manipulations in culture to achieve a single developmental step, and identification of responsive tissue types in mixed cultures are explored. It is hoped that the information presented here will lead to a deeper understanding of basic tissue culture responses and will assist the reader in the decision-making process by identifying appro- priate media and culture conditions for a particular species or application, or by providing a suitable starting point, should further customization be required.